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P
erkinElmer's Mini-Triggered
Mini-Triggered Spark Gaps and Transformers
EVERYTHING IN A NEW LIGHT.
Spark Gaps are designed for high reliability switching up to 4 kV and 10 kA. Constructed of hermetically sealed ceramic-metal, filled with pressurized gas, they are typically used for activating electro-explosive devices such as exploding bridgewires, electronic safe and arm systems, and detonators. PerkinElmer's Trigger Transformers are matched to the requirements of the Mini-Triggered Spark Gaps to provide a high voltage pulse with a fast rise time and low current. PerkinElmer Trigger Transformers are designed to be the most durable and reliable transformers available.
Features * High reliability * Extremely low jitter * Environmentally durable * Small size * Matching trigger transformers
PerkinElmer Optoelectronics
page 3
Miniature Triggered Spark Gaps
The triggered spark gap is a three element, gas-filled, ceramic-to-metal, hermetically sealed, pressurized switch that operates in an arc discharge mode, conducting moderately high peak currents for short durations. Commutation between two main electrodes is initiated by a trigger pulse.
These compact small, rugged gaps were designed for high-reliability applications where size, switch speed, and ability to withstand rugged missile environmental conditions of extreme shock, temperature, and vibration are required. They are designed for switching peak currents up to 10kA at operating voltages from 2.0 to 4.0 kV with reliable triggering voltage of 2kV. Prefires and failure to fire have been fully evaluated in the basic gap designs.
Performance Characteristics
Electrical characteristics are determined by testing in the circuit shown in Figure 1. The output circuit consisting of the switch, a 0.2 F capacitor, and a 0.25 ohm current viewing resistor (CVR) is typical for life testing. It closely matches the conditions found in many typically used circuits. For function testing, the 0.25 ohm CVR is replaced with a 0.005 ohm CVR. Typical data taken with a 0.005 ohm CVR are shown in Figure 2. This curve contains traces of the trigger voltage and conduction current. First, the trigger voltage rises to the point of trigger breakdown. Then there is a period designated "turn-on" or delay time during which the arc is forming followed by main gap conduction. This delay time varies from 50 to 1500 ns depending on gap operating voltage, trigger mode, amplitude and pulse width.
Applications
Precision timing and firing for in-flight functions such as rocket motor ignition, warhead detonation and missile stage separation. Each of these applications involves the activation of electro-explosive devices such as:
Switching speeds of 70ns with trigger pulse energies as low as 500 microjoules is typical.
Conduction Current
* * * *
Exploding bridgewire (EBW) Exploding foil initiator (EFI) Electronic safe and arm (ESA) Slapper/detonator
Trigger Voltage Time Turn-on Time
Figure 2. Trigger Voltage Breakdown and Main Gap Conduction Current
5 m OE GAP + VT(IN) TR 2N6798 1.0 m CT AE + T 0.2 F
+
VT(OC)--TRIGGER VOLTAGE (OPEN CIRCUIT)
2.4-3.5 KV
NORMAL OPERATING REGION
CVR --
KNEE VT(min) SELF-BREAKDOWN REGION
VT(IN) Volts DC 20-40 100-200
CT F 2.2 0.10
CUTOFF REGION
OPERATING RANGE
XFMR TR-2189/2206 TR-2190/2207
E-E(co) E-E(min)
E-E(max)
SBV
E-E = ELECTRODE-TO-ELECTRODE VOLTAGE
Figure 1. Triggered Spark Gap Test Circuit
Figure 3. Transfer Characteristics
page 2
PerkinElmer Optoelectronics
The trigger transformer circuit must be capable of providing a small sustaining current, typically, a few tens of milliamperes for reliable triggering. the characteristic "ring down" of conduction current is used to compute circuit impedance. The circuit is mechanically designed to yield the lowest possible overall inductance and resistance. Excluding the CVR, a typical circuit resistance is 60 milliohms. Circuit inductance can vary from 30 to 50 nH.
Life
End of life is determined by changes in the gap's performance due to electrode erosion or gas cleanup. Prefire (firing without a trigger signal) or failure to fire (no fire with trigger applied) are typical symptoms determining end of life.
Life test data indicate reliable firing on many gaps after 2000 shots at 6000 amps peak current for 200 ns pulse width at 3.5 kV and load of 0.25 ohm. Life will be reduced with higher peak currents.
0.020 0.010 (0.51)
0.270 0.010 (6.06)
0.314 0.005 (7.98)
Transfer Characteristics
For the GP-486 the operating range (E-E) is 2.0 to 4.0 kV with a minimum trigger voltage (VT(OC)) open circuit of 2.0 kV. Static Breakdown Voltage (SBV) is 4.5 kV. Trigger mode is "C" positive trigger and positive opposite electrode (OE). Changing polarities will result in changes in operating characteristics. The triggered spark gap operating range is shown in Figure 3.
T
GP-485
AE 3.0 MIN. (76.2) 0.415 0.015 (10.54) OE 0.415 0.015 (10.54) 0.130 0.015 (3.30) 0.437 0.010 (11.10) 0.314 0.005 (7.98)
0.105 0.010 (2.67)
T
0.41 MAX (10.4)
GP-486
AE
3.0 MIN (76.2)
OE
0.025 (0.635) 0.010 (0.254)
0.267 0.010 (6.78) 0.610 (15.5) MAX
0.325 MAX (8.25) 0.319 (8.1) MAX
OE
0.335 (8.5) MAX 0.098 (2.50) MAX
T AE
3.0 (76.2) MIN 0.370 0.005 (0.94 0.13) 0.064/0.120 1.63/3.05 0.267 0.010 (6.78 0.254)
GP-488
0.247 0.005 (6.27)
"same"
0.278 0.010 (7.01 0.25) 0.050 0.010 (1.27 0.25)
0.335 (8.51) MAX
OE AE
0.563 (14.30) MIN
GP-489
0.040 (1.02) TYP (2 PLCS) 0.247 0.020 (6.27 0.51)
T
0.040 0.003 (1.016) 0.015 0.005 (0.38 0.13) (2 PLCS) 0.147 0.015 (3.73 0.38)
T -- Trigger Electrode; AE -- Adjacent Electrode; OE -- Opposite Electrode Mechanical Specifications
PerkinElmer Optoelectronics
page 3
OPERATING SPECIFICATIONS
E-E Operating Range EG&G Model No. GP-485 GP-486 GP-488 GP-489 SBV Minimum Static Breakdown Voltage (kV) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 VT(Open Circuit) Minimum Trigger Voltage (kV) 2 2 2 2 Peak Pulse Current (kA) 10 10 10 10
Min (kV) 2 2 2 2
Max (kV) 4 4 4 4
Environmental Specifications
Ambient/Operating temperature range Vibration Shock Thermal Shock Humidity -45 to +100C. Storage temperature range -65 to + 125C 15 to 500 Hz at 10 g maximum per MIL-STD-202D, method 204, Test Condition A (30g, 11 mS). per MIL-STD-202D, method 107, Test Condition B (-65 to + 125C). per MIL-T-5422E, paragraph 4.4.
Electrical Specifications
Electrode capacity Interelectrode resistance Less than 5 pf. Greater than 1010 ohms at 500 V.
Mechanical Specifications
Envelope Ceramic-metal, hermetically sealed, exposed metal parts nickel plated.
PerkinElmer Optoelectronics
page 4
Miniature Trigger Transformers TR-2189/2190/2206/ 2207
These transformers were customdesigned for reliable triggering of the PerkinElmer GP-485/486/488/489 triggered spark gaps. They have operating circuit output voltages well above the maximum required by the switches and are capable of sustaining the trigger to adjacent electrode current during the turn-on phase of gap operation. These transformers are constructed using miniature cores, wound and potted, to produce high output voltage with a minimum of corona at twice rated output voltage. The TR-2189 and TR-2206 are
TR-2189/2206--Low Voltage Peak vT(OC) vs Peak VT(IN)
7 6 5 4 3 2 5
low input voltage transformers, round, with flying leads and solder connections. The TR-2190 and TR-2207 are high input voltage transformers, square, with pins for PC board connection.
+ 1.0 M VT(IN) CT PF SS vT(OC)
PS TR SF
2N6798
Transformer Circuit
vT(OC)--TYPICAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE, kV
vT(OC)--TYPICAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE, kV
TR-2190/2207--High Voltage Peak vT(OC) vs Peak VT(IN)
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 50 100 150 200 VT(IN)--INPUT VOLTAGE, kV 250
VT(IN) = 20 V vT(OC) = 3.85 kV, Peak VT(IN) = 110 V vT(OC) = 4.37 kV, Peak TR-2189 TR-2206 TR-2190 TR-2207
vT(OC)
500ns/Div TIME
vT(OC)
CT = 2.2f
CT = 0.1f
GND 500ns/Div TIME
GND
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
VT(IN)--INPUT VOLTAGE, kV
Output Voltage as a Function of Input Voltage
Notes: 1. Pulse rise time (10 to 90%): 2.2 S max 2. Pulse width at 30% of max: 1.0 S max 3. Corona pri-sec voltage of 8 kVDC
Output Pulse Shapes
3 IN. MIN (76.20) TYP YEL/W H
T
BLK
PS 0.10 0.02 (2.54 0.5) PF
SS TR-2206 SF
PS PF
SS SF TR-2189
RED
YEL
#28 AWG 33 TEFLON
0.700 0.010 SQUARE (17.78 0.25) 0.685 0.010 Z917.4 0.25) #28 AWG E TEFLON 0.031 (0.79) PIN. TYP 0.400 0.010 (10.16 0.25)
0.400 0.010 (10.16 0.25) TR-2189 *TR-2190
0.10 0.02 (2.54 0.51)
0.520 0.005 SQUARE (13.21 0.13) TR-2206 TR-2207
0.200 0.010 (5.08 0.25)
*TR-2190 primary input leads are #30 AWG E Teflon covered wire Note: Dimensions in inches (mm in parentheses)
Mechanical Specifications page 5 PerkinElmer Optoelectronics
Mini-Triggered Spark Gaps and Transformers
Marking PerkinElmer's trademark, part designation, and date code.
PerkinElmer welcomes inquiries about special types. We would be pleased to discuss the requirements of your application and the feasibility of designing a type specifically suited to your needs.
Our Quality and Environmental Policy "Our goal is to supply our customers the agreed quantity of specified products and services, defect free and on time while conducting business in an environmentally responsible manner"
* All values are nominal; specifications subject to change without notice. To request additional information, receive a quote, or place an order, please contact PerkinElmer Optoelectronics at office listed below. PerkinElmer Optoelectronics 35 Congress Street Salem, MA 01970 Toll Free: (800) 950-3441 (USA) Phone: (978) 745-3200 Fax: (978) 745-0894
PerkinElmer is a registered trademark of PerkinElmer, Inc.
PerkinElmer Optoelectronics
www.perkinelmer.com/opto
Copyright (c) PerkinElmer All rights reserved page 3 Printed in U.S.A. 10/00

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